A rebellion inward 742 against the ruling Göktürk Khaganate yesteryear the Uyghur, Karluk, together with Basmyl tribes left an immense ability vacuum inward Mongolia together with Central Asia. The Basmyls captured the Göktürk upper-case missive of the alphabet Ötügen together with their manful mortal monarch Özmish Khan inward 744, effectively taking accuse of the region. However a Uyghur-Karluk alliance against the Basmyls was formed afterward the same year. The coalition defeated the Basmyls together with beheaded their king. The Basmyl tribes were effectively destroyed; their people sold to the Chinese or distributed alongside the victors. The Uyghurs took command of Mongolia, with the Karluk tribes given lands farther West. The Uyghur primary Qutlugh Bilge Köl (Glorious, wise, mighty) had himself crowned equally the supreme ruler (khagan) of all Altaic tribes together with built his upper-case missive of the alphabet at Ordu Baliq.
In 747, Qutlugh Bilge Köl died, leaving his youngest son, Bayanchur Khan to reign equally Khagan El etmish bilge ("State settled, wise"). After edifice a lay out of trading outposts with the Chinese, Bayanchur Khan used the profits to cook the capital, Ordu Baliq ("City of Court"), together with some other city, Bai Baliq ("Rich City"), farther upwardly the Selenga River. The novel khagan together with therefore embarked on a serial of campaigns to convey all the steppe peoples nether his banner. During this fourth dimension the Empire vastly expanded, with Sekiz Oghuz, Qïrghïz, Qarluqs, Türgish, Toquz Tatars, Chiks together with the remnants of the Basmïls coming nether Uyghur rule.
The rebellion of An Lushan inward the Tang empire inward 755 forced the Chinese emperor to plow to Bayanchur Khan for assistance. Seeing this equally an ideal chance to meddle inward Chinese affairs, the khagan agreed, quelling several rebellions together with defeating an invading Tibetan regular army from the south. As a result, the Uyghurs received tribute from the Chinese inward 757 together with Bayanchur Khan was given the missy of the Chinese Emperor to wed (princess Ningo).
In 756, the Uyghurs turned their attentions to a contender steppe tribe, the Kyrgyz to the north. Bayanchur Khan destroyed several of their trading outposts earlier slaughtering a Kyrgyz regular army together with executing their Khan.
Finally, inward 759, after drinking heavily at a celebration, Bayanchur Khan died. His boy Tengri Bögü succeeded him equally Khagan Qutlugh Tarkhan sengün.
Golden Age
Uyghur Khanate inward geopolitical context c 820 CE
In 762, inward alliance with the Tang, Tengri Bögü launched a stimulate against the Tibetans. He recaptured for the Tang Emperor the western upper-case missive of the alphabet Chang'an. Khagan Tengri Bögü met with Manichaean priests from Islamic Republic of Iran piece on campaign, together with was converted to Manicheism, adopting it equally the official organized faith of the Uyghur Empire.
In 779 Tengri Bögü, incited yesteryear Sogdian traders, living inward Ordu Baliq, planned an invasion of mainland People's Republic of China to have got payoff of the accession of a novel emperor. Tengri Bögü's uncle, Tun Bagha Tarkhan opposed this plan, fearing it would outcome inward Uyghur assimilation into Chinese culture[citation needed]. Bagha Tarkhan led a rebellion against his ruler, beheading him together with his closest followers (about 2,000 nobles). Tun Bagha Tarkhan ascended the throne equally Alp Qutlugh Bilge ("Victorious, glorious, wise") together with enforced a novel laid upwardly of laws, which he designed to secure the unity of the khaganate, He also moved against the Kyrgyz in i lawsuit more, finally bringing them nether the Uyghur Khaganate's control.
Decline
Periods of Pre-Mongol Mongolia
Xiongnu Period
Xianbei Period
Nirun Period
Turkic Period
Uyghur Period
Khitan Period
See also: Khamag Mongol
In 795 the khagan, bearing the championship Qutlugh Bilge, died together with the Yaghlakar (Old Turkic: , Jaγlaqar, simplified Chinese: 药罗葛; traditional Chinese: 藥羅葛; pinyin: yaoluogě; Wade–Giles: yao-lo-ko) dynasty came to an end. The Uyghur Empire started to fragment earlier a novel ruler, a full general named Qutlugh, declared himself the novel khagan, nether the championship Ai tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp kutluk ulugh bilge[citation needed] ("Greatly born inward satelite heaven, victorious, glorious, dandy together with wise"), founding a novel dynasty, the Ediz (Chinese: A-tieh). With corporation leadership in i lawsuit more, the Khaganate averted collapse. Qutlugh became renowned for his leadership together with management of the empire. Although he consolidated the empire, he failed to restore it to its previous power. On his expiry inward 808, the empire began to fragment in i lawsuit again. He was succeeded yesteryear his son, who went on to amend merchandise inward inner Asia. The finally dandy khagan of the Empire was a khagan with unknown name, bearing the championship Kün tengride ülüg bulmïsh alp küchlüg bilge ("Greatly born inward Sun heaven, victorious, rigid together with wise"), whose achievements included improved trade, uptill the percentage of Sogdiana, together with on the battlefield he repulsed a forcefulness of invading Tibetans inward 821. This khagan died inward 824 together with was succeeded yesteryear a brother, Qasar, who was murdered inward 832, inaugurating a menstruum of anarchy. In 839 the legitimate khagan was forced to commit suicide, together with a usurping government minister named Kürebir seized the throne. In the same twelvemonth in that place was a famine that killed much of the livestock the Uyghur economic scheme was based on.
Collapse
The next spring, inward 840, i of ix Uyghur ministers, Kulug Bagha, contender of Kurebir, fled to the Kyrgyz tribe together with invited them to invade from the N with a forcefulness of around 80,000 horsemen. They sacked the Uyghur upper-case missive of the alphabet at Ordu Baliq, razing it to the ground. The Kyrgyz captured the Uyghur Khagan, Kürebir (Hesa) together with promptly beheaded him. The Kyrgyz went on to destroy other Uyghur cities throughout their empire, burning them to the ground. The finally legitimate khagan, Öge, was assassinated inward 847, having spent his 6-year reign inward fighting the Kyrgyz,the supporters of his contender Ormïzt, a blood brother of Kürebir, together with Tang mainland People's Republic of China boundary troops inward Ordos together with Shaanxi, which he invaded inward 841 . The Kyrgyz invasion destroyed the Uyghur Empire, causing a diaspora of Uyghur people across Central Asia.
After the Empire
The iii kingdoms of Gansu (848-1036), Turpan (856-1369) together with Karakhanids (850-1212) were formed yesteryear the Uyghurs who fled (southwest, westward together with farther westward respectively) from the Yenisei Kyrgyz, several years after the autumn of the empire. None of these states became equally powerful equally the Uyghur Empire merely did handle artistic, scientific together with commercial achievements to their name. The Uyghurs became of import civil servants inward the afterward Mongol Empire, which adopted the Uyghur script equally its official script.
List of Uyghur Khagans
The next listing is based on Dennis Sinor, "The Uighur Empire of Mongolia," Studies inward Medieval Inner Asia, Variorum, 1997, V: 1-25. Because of the complex together with inconsistent Uyghur together with Chinese titulatures, references to the rulers forthwith typically include their lay out inward the sequence, something farther complicated yesteryear the non-inclusion of an unnamed ephemeral boy of iv betwixt v together with vi inward 790, together with the inclusion of a spurious reign betwixt seven together with 9.
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