The conflict inwards Kashmir dates to the sectionalisation of Bharat inwards 1947. The State of Jammu & Kashmir was at this fourth dimension bulk Muslim but amongst a Hindu ruler, in addition to it was unclear whether it would accede to Islamic Republic of Pakistan or India. Its eventual accession to Bharat became a
matter of dispute
(UNMOGIP Background
In August 1947, Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan became independent. Under the scheme of sectionalisation provided yesteryear the Indian Independence Act of 1947, Kashmir was gratis to accede to Bharat or Pakistan. Its accession to Bharat became a affair of dispute betwixt the ii countries in addition to fighting broke out later on that year.
«Despite the disagreement betwixt Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan over UNMOGIP’s mandate in addition to functions, the mission has remained inwards the expanse to regain the 1971 ceasefire arrangements.»
In Jan 1948, the Security Council adopted resolution 39 (1948) , establishing the United Nations Commission for Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan (UNCIP) to investigate in addition to mediate the dispute. In Apr 1948, yesteryear its resolution 47 (1948) , the Council decided to enlarge the membership of UNCIP in addition to to recommend various measures including the utilization of observers to halt the fighting. At the recommendation of UNCIP, the Secretary-General appointed the Military Adviser to back upward the Commission on military machine aspects in addition to provided for a grouping of military machine observers to assist him. The foremost squad of unarmed military machine observers, which eventually formed the nucleus of the United Nations Military Observer Group inwards Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan (UNMOGIP), arrived inwards the mission expanse inwards Jan 1949 to supervise, inwards the State of Jammu in addition to Kashmir, the ceasefire betwixt Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to to assist the Military Adviser to UNCIP.
The tasks of the observers, equally defined yesteryear the Military Adviser, were to accompany the local authorities inwards their investigations, assemble equally much data equally possible, in addition to study equally completely, accurately in addition to impartially equally possible. Any straight intervention yesteryear the observers betwixt the opposing parties or whatever interference inwards the armies’ orders was to live avoided. These arrangements remained inwards final result until the conclusion of the Karachi Agreement on 27 July 1949 establishing a ceasefire line to live supervised yesteryear United Nations military machine observers.
The Karachi Agreement specified that UNCIP would station observers where it deemed necessary, in addition to that the ceasefire line would live verified mutually on the Earth yesteryear local commanders on each side amongst the assistance of United Nations military machine observers. Disagreements were to live referred to the UNCIP Military Adviser, whose determination would live final.
On thirty March 1951, next the termination of UNCIP, the Security Council, yesteryear its resolution 91 (1951) decided that UNMOGIP should go along to supervise the ceasefire inwards Jammu in addition to Kashmir. UNMOGIP's functions were to regain in addition to report, investigate complaints of ceasefire violations in addition to submit its finding to each political party in addition to to the Secretary-General.
At the goal of 1971, hostilities broke out 1 time again betwixt Bharat in addition to Pakistan. They started along the borders of East Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to were related to the displace for independence which had developed inwards that portion in addition to which ultimately led to the creation of Bangladesh.
When a ceasefire came into final result on 17 Dec 1971, a number of positions on both sides of the 1949 ceasefire line had changed hands. The Security Council met on 12 December, in addition to on 21 Dec adopted resolution 307 (1971) , yesteryear which it demanded that a durable ceasefire inwards all areas of conflict rest inwards final result until all armed forces had withdrawn to their respective territories in addition to to positions which fully respected the ceasefire line inwards Jammu in addition to Kashmir supervised yesteryear UNMOGIP.
In July 1972, Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan signed an understanding defining a Line of Control inwards Kashmir which, amongst fry deviations, followed the same course of study equally the ceasefire line established yesteryear the Karachi Agreement inwards 1949. Bharat took the seat that the mandate of UNMOGIP had lapsed, since it related specifically to the ceasefire line nether the Karachi Agreement. Pakistan, however, did non take hold this position.
Given the disagreement betwixt the ii parties over UNMOGIP's mandate in addition to functions, the Secretary-General's seat has been that UNMOGIP could live terminated exclusively yesteryear a determination of the Security Council. In the absence of such an agreement, UNMOGIP has been maintained amongst the same arrangements equally established next Dec 1971 ceasefire. The tasks of UNMOGIP take hold been to observe, to the extent possible, developments pertaining to the strict observance of the ceasefire of 17 Dec 1971 in addition to to study thereon to the Secretary-General.
The military machine authorities of Islamic Republic of Pakistan take hold continued to lodge complaints amongst UNMOGIP most ceasefire violations. The military machine authorities of Bharat take hold lodged no complaints since Jan 1972 in addition to take hold restricted the activities of the United Nations observers on the Indian side of the Line of Control. They have, however, continued to provide accommodation, carry in addition to other facilities to UNMOGIP.)
between the ii countries, amongst both Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan claiming ownership of Kashmir. After a brief state of war inwards 1947-48, Kashmir was divided betwixt Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to Bharat administered territories. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ceasefire line was agreed nether United Nations supervision, which has since been renamed the
‘Line of Control’
(
BBC News Online looks at possible solutions for Kashmir. Click on the maps below
Scenario 1
Scenario 2
Scenario 3
Scenario 4
Scenario 5
Scenario 6
Scenario 7
Religious groups: Indian-administered Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Kashmir Valley
-
4%
95%
-
Jammu
-
66%
30%
4%
Ladakh
50%
-
46%
3%
Religious groups: Pakistani-administered Kashmir
REGION
Buddhist
Hindu
Muslim
Other
Northern Areas
-
-
99%
-
Azad Jammu in addition to Kashmir
-
-
99%
-
Source: Indian/Pakistani Government Censuses
Scenario one: The status quo
Kashmir has been a flashpoint betwixt Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan for to a greater extent than than fifty years. Currently a boundary - the Line of Control - divides the portion inwards two, amongst 1 component subdivision administered yesteryear Bharat in addition to 1 yesteryear Pakistan. Bharat would similar to formalise this status quo in addition to brand it the accepted international boundary. But Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to Kashmiri activists reject this innovation because they both want greater command over the region.
In 1947-8 Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan fought their foremost state of war over Jammu in addition to Kashmir. Under United Nations' supervision, they agreed to a ceasefire along a line which left one-third of the state - comprising what Islamic Republic of Pakistan calls Azad Jammu in addition to Kashmir, in addition to the Northern Areas administered yesteryear Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to two-thirds, Jammu, Ladakh in addition to the Kashmir Valley, administered yesteryear India.
In 1972, nether the damage of the Simla agreement, the ceasefire line was renamed the Line of Control.
Although Bharat claims that the entire state is component subdivision of India, it has been prepared to take hold the Line of Control equally the international border, amongst some possible modifications. Both the US in addition to the United Kingdom of Great Britain in addition to Northern Ireland of Britain in addition to Northern Republic of Ireland take hold also favoured turning the Line of Control into an internationally-recognised frontier.
But Islamic Republic of Pakistan has consistently refused to take hold the Line of Control equally the edge since the predominantly Muslim Kashmir Valley would rest equally component subdivision of India. Formalising the status quo also does non convey business organisation human relationship of the aspirations of those Kashmiris who take hold been fighting since 1989 for independence for the whole or component subdivision of the state.)
Around 1 3rd of the territory has since been administered yesteryear Pakistan, amongst the repose administered yesteryear India, including Kashmir Valley, which has a strong Muslim majority.
Further wars take hold broken out betwixt Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan inwards Kashmir inwards 1965 in addition to 1999, whilst at that spot is also a Kashmir separatist movement. To farther complicate matters inwards the region, the edge amongst PRC is also disputed. Bharat does non recognise the edge established after state of war betwixt Bharat in addition to PRC inwards 1962. PRC has traditionally diplomatically favoured Islamic Republic of Pakistan though
relations amongst India
(Sunday, 2 June, 2002, 01:40 GMT 02:40 UK
PRC in addition to the Kashmir crisis
Bharat in addition to PRC take hold long been mistrustful
Analysis
By Michael Yahuda
Professor of International Relations,
London School of Economics in addition to Political Science
PRC has long been involved inwards a triangular human relationship amongst Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to India, in addition to is at nowadays a reluctant in addition to soundless 3rd political party to the dispute over Kashmir.
Enlarge map
Beijing has traditionally supported Islamic Republic of Pakistan against India, but at nowadays inwards the post-Cold War era the Chinese take hold distanced themselves somewhat from Islamic Republic of Pakistan inwards monastic tell to cultivate improve relations amongst India.
Nevertheless PRC has a strategic involvement inwards the survival of Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to it volition non want to see it drawn into a state of war which it cannot win, nor volition it want to see its regime humiliated.
The Chinese approach is determined yesteryear 3 broad considerations; edge issues, geopolitics in addition to international strategy.
Borders
PRC has contained Bharat yesteryear cultivating its neighbours in addition to yesteryear blocking Indian aspirations to live the dominant mightiness inwards the southern reaches of the Himalayas
There is a contested edge amongst India, in addition to Bharat has non forgotten its defeat yesteryear PRC inwards a edge row inwards 1962.
PRC also borders Kashmir in addition to the Indians do non recognise the edge understanding the Chinese reached amongst Islamic Republic of Pakistan over the department of Kashmir nether Pakistani control.
Although the Chinese in addition to Indian sides take hold been unable to resolve their edge dispute, they take hold nevertheless agreed inwards recent years to convey various measures to trim tension in addition to the possibility for conflict along the lines of command that separate their ii forces.
Geopolitics
From a geopolitical indicate of view, PRC has consistently sought to constrain Indian mightiness in addition to confine it essentially to the portion of South Asia.
if at that spot is a Pakistani nuclear strike, PRC volition live blamed for supplying the technology
In improver to the strategic involvement inwards non having to human face a unmarried powerful neighbor to the due south of the Himalayas, PRC is also concerned yesteryear the residual Indian involvement inwards Tibet.
After all Bharat still harbours the Dalai Lama in addition to his unofficial regime inwards exile.
PRC has contained Bharat yesteryear cultivating its neighbours in addition to yesteryear blocking Indian aspirations to live the dominant mightiness inwards the southern reaches of the Himalayas.
Thus PRC continues to turn down to recognise India's claims to Sikkim, it encourages People's Republic of Bangladesh to stand upward up to Bharat in addition to inwards a higher house all PRC has supported India's arch-rival Pakistan.
In the 1965 Indo-Pak state of war PRC went then far equally to threaten to opened upward a minute front end against India.
But its primary back upward has been expressed through the furnish of arms.
Once Islamic Republic of Pakistan was confined to its western sector inwards 1971 it became no agree for Indian power.
The Chinese take hold sought to redress the balance yesteryear helping Islamic Republic of Pakistan to instruct nuclear weapons in addition to missile technology.
Despite repeated Chinese denials the evidence supplied yesteryear the Americans is overwhelming on this score.
International strategy
From a wider international perspective, Bharat in addition to PRC were rivals inwards the Cold War era.
From the 1970s this was reflected inwards American back upward for PRC in addition to the Soviet alliance amongst India.
PRC is anxious to avoid problem amongst the US
Since the goal of the Cold War, however, Bharat in addition to PRC take hold scaled downward their enmity in addition to take hold found ground to co-operate, to a greater extent than especially inwards managing relations amongst the sole superpower, the United States.
But after xi September matters became to a greater extent than complicated.
Both PRC in addition to Bharat take hold drawn closer to the US - Bharat perchance to a greater extent than then than China.
Indeed Bharat in addition to the US held articulation military machine exercises for the foremost fourth dimension inwards May.
But PRC is anxious to avoid problem amongst the US at a fourth dimension of leadership succession, in addition to at a fourth dimension when it has to adjust to the damage of entry to the World Trade Organisation.
Moreover, PRC has benefited to an extent from the "war on terror", which has enabled it to suppress resistance to its dominion inwards its Central Asian province of Xinjiang.
Nevertheless the Chinese optic warily the American military machine presence inwards Central Asia.
Nuclear fall-out
Thus from a Chinese indicate of see the crisis inwards Kashmir has come upward at a most hard time, in addition to it is clear that the Chinese are non best pleased amongst their Pakistani friends for provoking it.
The Chinese are real much opposed to the possible utilization of nuclear weapons
The Chinese opposed the Pakistani incursion into Kargil xviii months ago, in addition to on this occasion it is clear that the Chinese take hold withheld back upward from Pakistan.
They take hold non joined Islamabad inwards calling for an international short town of the Kashmiri issue, but take hold implicitly sided amongst New Delhi inwards calling for dialogue betwixt the two.
Although they take hold non said then publicly, the Chinese are real much opposed to the possible utilization of nuclear weapons.
It is they who volition live blamed for having supplied Pakistan, in addition to they likewise take hold much to fearfulness if the psychological barrier to their utilization were to live broken.)
take hold improved inwards recent years.
Given the patently irreconcilable territorial claims inwards Kashmir, at that spot is no immediate goal inwards sight to this conflict. Now that both Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan are inwards possession of nuclear weapons, the stakes inwards this conflict are of global significance. In this hard context, local peacebuilders piece of work to diffuse tensions. This piece of work is vital when the potential for local violence to spark larger conflicts carries such huge dangers.
kashmir:conflict profile.
The sectionalisation of Bharat continues to instruct out opened upward wounds on both its Eastern in addition to Western borders amongst the struggle inwards Kashmir beingness 1 of its most highly publicised conflicts, enveloping 3 nuclear powers: Pakistan, Bharat in addition to China. The complex conflict is set to the backdrop of the valleys in addition to mountains of the Himalayan portion which incorporate many various linguistic, ethnic in addition to religious groups.
Image from Julie Starr, published nether a creative commons license
The bloody territorial dispute of the Kashmir portion has continued for to a greater extent than than 6 decades, resulting inwards 100,000s of deaths in addition to amongst Kashmiris facing the daily life of military machine line in addition to ongoing militia operations. While the violence decreased inwards recent years since the beginnings of a peace procedure inwards 2004, it has flared upward 1 time again inwards the summertime of 2009 in addition to the portion remains highly unstable in addition to volatile. The deeply entrenched views each side hold; the involvement of dissimilar domestic in addition to international groups in addition to governments; the fragility of political, economical in addition to social stability inwards all the countries concerned in addition to the larger conflict surrounding H2O resources in addition to land, limits the possibilities of reconciliation, making this 1 of the longest-running intractable conflicts inwards the world.
Image from mfr_isb@yahoo.com, published nether a creative commons license
In 2010, Bharat administered 43 per cent of the portion including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh in addition to the Siachen Glacier. Islamic Republic of Pakistan controls 37 per cent of Kashmir namely Azad Kashmir in addition to the northern areas of Gilgit in addition to Baltistan. In addition, PRC occupies xx per cent of Kashmir next the Sino-Indian War of 1962. The Shaksam Valley, which PRC claims, is component subdivision of Tibet in addition to nether Chinese occupation.
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Amidst the turmult of independence inwards 1947 Muslim revolutionaries from Western Kashmir in addition to Pakistani tribesman from Dir advanced into the Bramulla area. This was due to rumours that the ruling Maharaja Hari Singh was planning to annex the Kingdom of Jammu in addition to Kashmir to Bharat in addition to the advancing forces intended to liberate the expanse from the Dogra rule.
Officially, the Indian regime could exclusively intervene if the Maharaja relinquished mightiness of the portion at which indicate they could ship inwards ‘military aid’, equally Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan had signed the Standstill Agreement, which was an understanding of non-intervention. The Maharaja ultimately agreed to relinquish mightiness in addition to the Indian regular army moved inwards to drive out the Pakistani forces in addition to occupied the remaining areas of Kashmir in addition to Jammu, despite Pakistani calls for a plebiscite in addition to the Muslim bulk inwards Kashmir. The state of war continued until 1948 when Bharat requested the involvement of the United Nations Security Council. The Council passed a resolution that imposed an immediate ceasefire in addition to called on Islamic Republic of Pakistan to withdraw all military machine presence. In addition, it stated that Bharat could retain a minimum military machine presence, spell Islamic Republic of Pakistan would take hold no say inwards direction in addition to “the lastly disposition of the State of Jammu in addition to Kashmir volition live made inwards accordance amongst the volition of the people expressed through the democratic method of a gratis in addition to impartial plebiscite conducted nether the auspices of the United Nations.” The ceasefire was enacted on 31 Dec 1948, all the same Islamic Republic of Pakistan did non withdraw its troops from the portion in addition to a plebiscite was non conducted, leading to the start of increasing unrest inwards the region.
Sino-Indian War of 1962
The increasing unrest in addition to escalating violence culminated inwards 1962 when military machine from PRC in addition to Bharat clashed inwards territorial disputes. PRC rapidly overpowered the Indian military machine in addition to occupied the area, claiming the expanse nether direction in addition to naming the portion Aksai Chin. The edge dispute betwixt this expanse in addition to other smaller areas is known equally the Line of Actual Control. Current structure of a ‘fence’ to a greater extent than or less the Line of Actual Control has been disputed yesteryear both PRC in addition to Pakistan, however, Bharat claims that the ‘fence’ reduces insurgent attacks. Until the ceasefire inwards 2003 the Line of Control was 1 of the most violence-prone de facto borders inwards the Earth in addition to saw daily shelling, mortar firing, artillery shelling, in addition to machine gun exchanges betwixt Indian in addition to Pakistani troops in addition to other militant groups.
1965 in addition to 1971 wars
In 1965 in addition to 1971, heavy fighting broke out 1 time again betwixt Bharat in addition to Pakistan. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 resulted inwards the defeat of Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to the give upward of the Pakistani military machine inwards East Islamic Republic of Pakistan (now Bangladesh), which led to the signing of The Simla Agreement betwixt Bharat in addition to Pakistan. By this treaty, both countries agreed to settle all issues yesteryear peaceful agency in addition to mutual discussions inwards the framework of the United Nations Charter. However, this shape of track-two diplomacy was only a ‘paper peace’ in addition to did non reverberate the province of affairs inwards Kashmir that had left a bitter legacy of a deadly 20-year war.
Militancy
The Simla Agreement had piddling bearing to events on the Earth in addition to at that spot were increasingly organised uprisings. Opposition to the Indian administration, disputed state elections in addition to military machine line led to some of the state’s legislative assemblies forming militant wings, which farther created the catalyst for the Mujahideen insurgency, which continues to this day. The 3 primary militant groups inwards Kashmir are Hizbul Mujahideen; Lashkar-e-Toyeba; in addition to Harkat-ul-Mujahideen but all take hold also fractured into different, sometimes opposing factions, many of whom take hold dissimilar aims on how to resolve the conflict, what their objectives are in addition to their views on the utilization of violence to go along their struggle. However, inwards recent years their membership in addition to influence has diminished.
The Kargil War of 1999
In mid-1999 insurgents in addition to Pakistani soldiers from Pakistani Kashmir infiltrated into Jammu in addition to Kashmir. The insurgents took payoff of the severe wintertime weather condition in addition to occupied vacant mount peaks of the Kargil range. By blocking the highway, they wanted to cutting off the exclusively link betwixt the Kashmir Valley in addition to Ladakh. This resulted inwards a high-scale conflict betwixt the Indian Army in addition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Army. International fears that the conflict could plough nuclear led to the involvement of the USA pressurising Islamic Republic of Pakistan to retreat.
Opposing Views
The major points of ii of the primary stakeholders Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan tin lav live summarised equally follows:
Indian view
Bharat claims that equally the Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession inwards Oct 1947, handing command of the Kingdom of Jammu in addition to Kashmir over to India, the portion is theirs, having been validated yesteryear the Indian Independence Act in addition to the departing British Empire.
Bharat claims that the United Nations Resolution 1172 inwards 1948 accepted India’s stand upward regarding all outstanding issues betwixt Bharat in addition to Pakistan.
Bharat claims that Islamic Republic of Pakistan has non removed its military machine forces, which Bharat views equally 1 of the foremost steps inwards implementing a resolution.
Bharat defendant Islamic Republic of Pakistan of funding military machine groups inwards the portion to do instability, in addition to accuses Islamic Republic of Pakistan of waging a proxy war.
Bharat accuses Islamic Republic of Pakistan of spreading anti-India sentiment amid the people of Kashmir, through the media, to alter Kashmiri opinion.
According to India, most regions of Pakistani Kashmir, especially northern areas, go along to endure from lack of political recognition, economical evolution in addition to basic telephone substitution rights.
Pakistani view
Islamic Republic of Pakistan claims that according to the two-nation theory Kashmir should take hold been amongst Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan argues that Bharat has shown disregard to the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, in addition to the United Nations Commission inwards Bharat in addition to Pakistan, yesteryear failing to grip a plebiscite.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan rejects Indian claims to Kashmir, centring to a greater extent than or less the Instrument of Accession. Islamic Republic of Pakistan insists that the Maharaja did non take hold the back upward of most Kasmiris. Islamic Republic of Pakistan also claims that the Maharaja handed over command of Jammu in addition to Kashmir nether duress, therefore invalidating the legitimacy of the claims.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan claims that Bharat violated the Standstill Agreement in addition to that Indian troops were already inwards Kashmir earlier the Instrument of Accession was signed.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan claims that betwixt 1990-1999 the Indian Armed Forces, its paramilitary groups, in addition to counter-insurgent militias take hold been responsible for the deaths 4,501 of Kashmiri civilians. Also from 1990 to 1999, at that spot are records of 4,242 women betwixt the ages of 7-70 that take hold been raped. Similar allegations were also made yesteryear some human rights organizations.
Islamic Republic of Pakistan claims that the Kashmiri uprising demonstrates that the people of Kashmir no longer want to rest component subdivision of India. Islamic Republic of Pakistan suggests that this agency that either Kashmir wants to live amongst Islamic Republic of Pakistan or independent.
The Peace Process
One of the foremost peace initiatives inwards July 2000 set a tentative framework for reconciliation. The largest militia group, the Hizb’ul–Mujahideen, declared a unilateral ceasefire against the Indian forces after covert negotiations betwixt the dissimilar stakeholders. However, the demands from the militia group, which included Bharat declaring Kashmir a disputed territory in addition to that tripartite negotiation should get down immediately, were non met in addition to the ceasefire collapsed. In 2003 some other ceasefire was declared along the Line of Control which resulted inwards five-stage talks betwixt the Indian in addition to Pakistani governments, commencing inwards 2004. Some progress was made, leading to increased merchandise in addition to displace betwixt the borders. However, the talks take hold were suspended for ii years due to the 2008 Bombay attacks in addition to this has led to a recent upsurge inwards violence in addition to strikes, amongst 2010 seeing the highest levels of violence inwards years amongst many immature Muslim Kashmiris involved inwards activeness against the constabulary in addition to Indian Army. There continues to live trigger-happy reprisal attacks from the Indian Army, in addition to many human rights condemnations equally cited yesteryear many human rights organisations.
However, since Feb 2010 high-level talks take hold resumed, amongst the unusual ministers of Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan coming together inwards July inwards Islamabad inwards an endeavour to resume the dialogue that was inwards progress earlier the Bombay attacks.
Although the violence continues, the 2008 election saw a substantial vote for the moderate parties, which is perchance illustration of the want for a to a greater extent than stable portion in addition to the full general population’s exhaustion amongst the conflict in addition to the want for peace. Furthermore, the increment inwards merchandise in addition to displace of people betwixt the regions, along amongst the cumulative affect of civil guild movements, take hold played an of import role inwards suppressing whatever re-emergence of a large-scale armed struggle. The portion may live moving forwards into a ripeness for reconciliation, but many inwards Kashmir in addition to the international community telephone band for the correct of Kashmiris to determine their ain hereafter in addition to telephone band for a plebiscite on independence.
kashmir conflict resources :-
General
BBC in-depth – Kashmir flashpoint: Features the latest stories from the portion equally good equally a give-and-take of the keys debates surrounding the ongoing dispute. The personal perspectives nether the ‘Voices from Kashmir’ department are peculiarly worth a look. The BBC Search component subdivision for Kashmir is also useful, equally is the BBC Timeline – Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan – Trouble Relations.
published nether the creative commons license
Flashpoints: Country briefing on the conflict inwards Kashmir, including a listing of related resources.
Global Security – Kashmir: For the primary combatants involved inwards the dispute, refer to the right-hand side of this page. Also noteworthy is the extensive background data in addition to the maps.
INCORE: International Conflict Research Institute at the University of Ulster’s guide to Internet resources on Kashmir.
Kashmir Newz – Maps of Jumma in addition to Kashmir: An interesting collection of regional maps each, representing a dissimilar understanding of Kashmir in addition to Jumma’s territory. Includes: India’s local version, India’s international version, Pakistan’s version, Western version, Central Intelligence Agency in addition to the USA’s version.
United Kingdom of Great Britain in addition to Northern Ireland of Britain in addition to Northern Republic of Ireland FCO guidelines: Country profile from the United Kingdom of Great Britain in addition to Northern Ireland of Britain in addition to Northern Republic of Ireland Foreign in addition to Commonwealth Office, including go advice for those planning to see the portion in addition to late updated timeline of recent conflict.
photograph yesteryear Shashwat Nagpal, published nether the creative commons license
Government in addition to International Organisations
Amnesty International: Thousands lost inwards Kashmir volume graves (2008): Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 disturbing article from Amnesty International outlining the uncovering of hundreds of unidentified graves believed to incorporate victims of unlawful killings, enforced disappearances, torture in addition to other abuses.
CIA Fact book: General data on Pakistan, including maps in addition to statistical information.
Human Rights Watch: Search on all reports produced yesteryear HRW on human rights abuses in addition to other issues inwards Kashmir.
Human Rights Watch – India: Scroll downward to the Jammu in addition to Kashmir department for the latest from Human Rights Watch.
Internally Displaced Monitoring Centre: This is an extensively categorised in addition to comprehensive resources of IDPs inwards India. Under the ‘Internal Displacement Profile,’ search for the specific Kashmir reports, statistics in addition to maps.
ICC: Contains tidings on whatever impeding investigations or cases inwards the ICC for Kashmir.
International Crisis Group: Recent reports from International Crisis Group on Kashmir.
UNMOGIP – The United Nations Military Observer grouping inwards Bharat in addition to Pakistan: Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 modest United Nations outfit remains inwards the edge region. Particularly noteworthy is the history of United Nations involvement in addition to detailed map section.
United Nations Resolutions: Links to all United Nations resolutions passed inwards relation to Kashmir.
US AID: Gives an overview of US AID funded programmes inwards the portion of Jammu in addition to Kashmir.
photograph yesteryear mfr_isb@yahoo.com published nether the creative commons license
Local Newspapers
Kashmir Observer
Greater Kashmir
Rising Kashmir
Kashmir Times
Other
Indian Census 2001: Site of Indian census, including (contested) data on Jammu in addition to Kashmir.
Google maps: Link to Google maps page of Jammu in addition to Kashmir.
Kashmir data network: Links to noted authors on Kashmir, Kashmiri newspapers, recommended articles in addition to books, in addition to background to the conflict.
kashmir:conflict timeline:-
1846: The State of Jammu in addition to Kashmir is created nether the Treaty of Amristar, when the Maharaja Gulab Singh buys the Kashmir Valley from the East Bharat Company in addition to adds it to Jammu in addition to Ladakh already nether his rule.
1857: The Indian Rebellion of 1857 against the British/First Indian War of Independence.
1931: The displace against the Maharaja inwards Kashmir begins but is suppressed yesteryear State forces.
1932: Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah sets upward the ‘All Jammu in addition to Kashmir Muslim Conference’ to care for Kashmiri liberty from the Maharaja’s rule, which would branch off to go the National Conference inwards 1939. The Glancy Commission publishes a study inwards Apr 1932, highlighting the inequality of the Muslim population in addition to discusses the demand for their adequate representation inwards the state’s services; the Maharaja accepts these recommendations but delays implementation; the Maharaja grants a Constitution providing a legislative assembly for the people, but the Assembly turns out to live powerless.
1939: The National Conference launches the ‘Quit Kashmir’ displace demanding abrogation of the Treaty of Amritsar in addition to a telephone band of sovereignty for the people of Kashmir.
1940: The Islamic Republic of Pakistan Resolution is passed in addition to demands the institution of an independent state, comprising all regions inwards which Muslims are the majority.
1947 (Mar): An internal revolt begins inwards the Poonch portion but is suppressed yesteryear the Maharaja’s forces.
1947 (15 Aug): The sectionalisation of India: The British Indian Empire is dissolved in addition to the Muslim-majority areas inwards the East in addition to West are partitioned to shape the separate state of Pakistan.
1947: Kashmir signs the Standstill Agreement amongst Pakistan. The Maharaja delays his determination to accede into either Bharat or Pakistan.
1947 (Oct): Indo-Pakistani War of 1947: Thousands of Pashtuns from Pakistan’s North West Frontier Province assault Kashmir in addition to the Maharaja’s forces. The Maharaja inquire Bharat for help, who abides nether the weather condition that he relinquish command over defense, communication in addition to unusual affairs to India. The Maharaja agrees in addition to signs the Instrument of Accession.
The Indian Army enters the state to repel the invaders. Sheikh Abdullah endorses the accession equally ad-hoc which would live ultimately decided yesteryear a plebiscite in addition to is appointed caput of the emergency administration.
1948: Bharat takes the Kashmir work to the United Nations Security Council. The resolution orders the cessation of hostilities in addition to a formulation of a truce agreement, in addition to that a plebiscite should determine the hereafter of Jammu in addition to Kashmir. However, both countries cannot concord on the damage of demilitarisation.
1949: On 1 January, the ceasefire betwixt Indian in addition to Pakistani forces leaves Bharat inwards command of most of the valley, equally good equally Jammu in addition to Ladakh, spell Islamic Republic of Pakistan gains command of component subdivision of Kashmir including, what Islamic Republic of Pakistan calls, Azad Kashmir in addition to Northern territories.
1950 (Jan): Bharat gains independence in addition to becomes a republic.
1957: India’s Home Minister declares that the State of Jammu in addition to Kashmir is a telephone substitution component subdivision of Bharat in addition to at that spot tin lav live no inquiry of a plebiscite. Kashmiri activists go along to insist on self-determination.
1963 (Dec): Mass uprisings occur inwards the Kashmir Valley in addition to protests occur against Articles 356 in addition to 357 of the Indian Constitution, yesteryear which the Indian regime tin lav practise legislative powers. The Indian regular army attacks the protesters.
1965: Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. Islamic Republic of Pakistan backs rebel groups inwards Kashmir in addition to sends armed Pakistani infiltrators to bring together them across the ceasefire line, which leads to to a greater extent than violence across the whole of the Kashmir Valley.
1966: Kashmiri nationalists shape some other Plebiscite Front amongst an armed fly called the Jammu in addition to Kashmir National Liberation Front (NLF) inwards Azad Kashmir, amongst the objective of freeing Kashmir from Indian occupation.
1971: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1971: Islamic Republic of Pakistan descends into civil state of war after East Islamic Republic of Pakistan demands autonomy in addition to later on independence of what volition go Bangladesh.
1972: Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan concord to a ceasefire, in addition to sign the Simla Agreement, which states that they volition honour the Line of Control, the edge betwixt the ii countries in addition to China. However, fighting continues along this line, making it 1 of the most trigger-happy in addition to unsafe edge lines inwards the world.
1987-1990: Kashmir Insurgency: After the 1987 elections the Muslim United Front (MUF) declares the elections equally rigged, in addition to the insurgency inwards the valley increases. The MUF candidate later on breaks away to go caput of the militant grouping Hizb-ul-Mujahedin. Further protests in addition to anti-India demonstrations inwards the Kashmir Valley followed yesteryear constabulary retaliation, arrests in addition to curfew orders yesteryear the Indian constabulary in addition to army.
1989: At the goal of the Soviet line of Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan a neat bargain of weapons are released into Kashmir in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan provides farther grooming to Kashmiri in addition to unusual militant groups inwards Kashmir. The Kashmiri independence displace becomes to a greater extent than Islamist inwards its ideology.
1990 (1 Mar): An estimated 1 1000000 people convey to the streets inwards protestation of the Indian line in addition to to a greater extent than than twoscore people are killed yesteryear the police. This is seen yesteryear many equally the start of a massive Kashmiri uprising, but Bharat claims that it is orchestrated yesteryear Pakistani trained operatives. Many of the 162,500 Hindu community inwards Kashmir flee the expanse to refugee camps inwards Jammu.
1990: An estimated 34,000 people take hold been killed since 1978.
1998: Bharat in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan perform nuclear tests inwards a demo of strength.
1999: Indian in addition to Pakistani militaries clash inwards Kargil, Bharat launches air-strikes inwards Kashmir.
1999: General Musharraf leads a military machine coup inwards Pakistan.
2000 (Nov): India puts a ceasefire into final result inwards Kashmir. However, violence continues.
2001 (Oct): Kashmiri assembly inwards Srinagar attacked in addition to 38 people are killed.
2001 (Dec): Attack on Indian parliament inwards New Dehli. The militant groups Lashkar-e-Taiba in addition to Jaish-e-Mohammed convey responsibility.
2003: India in addition to Islamic Republic of Pakistan restore diplomatic ties.
2004 (24 Sep): Prime Minister Singh in addition to President Musharraf encounter inwards New York during United Nations General Assembly for foremost circular of peace talks.
2006: Second circular of Indo-Pakistan peace talks.
2007: Amnesty International in addition to other human rights organisations study of gross human rights violations from Bharat that include systematic arrests in addition to detentions, enforced curfews, in addition to testimonies of rape in addition to torture. Bharat denies many of these claims in addition to states it is suppressing terrorism.
2008 (Aug): The start of the minute uprising yesteryear local groups in addition to youths which leads to massive redeployment of Indian safety forces.
2010 (Aug): Tens of thousands of people phase street demonstrations against the deaths of ii immature men detained inwards Indian custody.
2010 (Sep): The Indian regime has claimed it volition release hundreds of students in addition to immature people after months of civil unrest that has left at to the lowest degree 107 people dead.
kashmir: key people in addition to parties:-
The Jammu in addition to Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP): was founded inwards 1998 yesteryear Hashim Qureshi in addition to Shabir Ahmad Shah equally a separatist political party that advocates self-rule for Jammu in addition to Kashmir.
The Jammu in addition to Kashmir People’s Democratic Party (PDP): was founded inwards 1999 yesteryear Mufti Mohammed Sayeed in addition to is a separatist political party that advocates self-rule for Jammu in addition to Kashmir.
The All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC): was founded inwards 1993 in addition to is a political front end formed equally an alliance of 26 political, social in addition to religious organisations inwards Kashmir. One of the primary objectives of the APHC is ascend the Indian controlled regions of Kashmir to Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to to instate Islamic governance.
The Indian National Congress (INC): is 1 of the ii major political parties inwards Bharat in addition to is considered centre-left inwards the Indian political spectrum. In the 2009 full general election it formed a coalition amongst a number of allies called the UPA in addition to was able to shape a bulk in addition to shape a government.
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP): is India’s minute largest political political party in addition to is considered centre-right inwards the Indian political spectrum in addition to is the Hindu-National party. They were inwards mightiness from 1998 to 2004 when Atal Bihari Vajpayee was Prime Minister.
The Jammu in addition to Kashmir National Conference Party (NCP): was founded yesteryear Sheikh Abduallah inwards 1939 in addition to dominated electoral politics for many decades inwards the state, it is at nowadays beingness led yesteryear his grandson Omar Abdullah. They are a moderate separatist political party in addition to telephone band for Jammu in addition to Kashmir’s correct to self-determination in addition to autonomy.
MILITANT GROUPS
Jaish-e-Mohammed: is a militant organisation that operates inwards Kashmir but is based inwards Pakistan. The group’s primary aim is to ascend the Indian controlled regions of Kashmir to Islamic Republic of Pakistan in addition to to instate Islamic governance in addition to has carried out several attacks. It has been banned inwards Islamic Republic of Pakistan since 2002 in addition to its Commander-in–Chief Masood Azhar is currently imprisoned inwards Pakistan, however, the grouping continues to operate.
Hizb-ul-Mujahideen: is a militant organisation that has operated inwards Kashmir since 1989 in addition to is the militant fly of the Kashmiri political in addition to religious grouping Jamaat-e-Islami. The electrical current leader of the grouping is a Kashmiri known equally Sayeed Salahudeen who resides inwards Pakistan. The grouping is considered yesteryear many to live the most widely supported in addition to populist militant grouping active inwards the conflict.
Lashkar-e-Taiba: was founded inwards 1994 equally the militant fly of the Marqaz, a centre which was founded inwards the 1980s yesteryear Hafiz Mohammed Saeed in addition to is 1 the largest in addition to most active of the militant operations. They take hold taken responsibleness for a number of trigger-happy attacks including the Red Fort attacks inwards Delhi inwards 2000. Bharat has also defendant them of beingness responsible for the 2009 Bombay attacks. They differ from the other primary militant groups equally most of their members are non-Kashmiri. They are an extremely well-known in addition to prominent grouping inwards Pakistan. However, they take hold been banned since 2002 inwards Pakistan, but they go along to operate in addition to include dissimilar factions.
key people:
Farooq Abdullah: Has dominated local politics for years in addition to is the boy of Sheikh Mohammed, who founded the National Conference Party. While he has accepted that Kashmir should rest component subdivision of the Indian Union, he has campaigned for its greater autonomy. He has been criticised for shifting his allegiances to political parties, but is currently an ally of the BJP.
Omar Abdullah: Is the boy of Farooq Abdullah in addition to was made caput of the National Conference inwards 2008, he resigned inwards 2009 amid allegations of a sexual practice scandal, all the same he is currently still inwards the political party in addition to is Chief Minister for Jammu in addition to Kashmir.
Shabir Shah: Is a high profile campaigner for Kashmiri independence since the belatedly 1960s, in addition to has spent much of his life inwards Indian jails. However, he was suspended from the APHC due to political disagreements in addition to went on to found his ain political party inwards 1998 called the Jammu Kashmir Democratic Freedom Party (JKDFP).
Abdul Gani Bhat: Is some other key role instrumentalist inwards Kashmiri politics in addition to advocates for Kashmir’s accession to Pakistan. In 1993 his party, the Muslim Conference, became component subdivision of the primary Kashmiri separatists alliance the APHC. He late claimed that other separatists involved inwards the conflicts had assassinated some high profile leaders inwards the separatist displace in addition to his ain brother.
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